Corporate social responsibility (CSR) can be thought of as a concept that defines how companies integrate social and environmental concerns into their business operations and how they interact with interested parties on a voluntary basis ([18] EC, 2010). [61] Spence and Bourlakis (2009) argued that UK government discourse on CSR has focused on voluntary practices rather than government intervention, i.e. corporate responsibility (CR) is the set of voluntary actions that an organization can undertake, beyond meeting the minimum legal requirements. , to address both one's own competitive interests and the interests of society at large (Ibrahim,