Once used for various applications, lead is now known for its toxicity in the human body. Dr. Gary Goldstein, CEO of the Kennedy Krieger Institute, wrote: "Exposure to excessive amounts of inorganic lead during childhood can produce long-lasting adverse effects on brain function (Goldstein 1990)." Awareness of lead poisoning has become increasingly widespread in the American government, with lead poisoning testing recommended as early as nine to twelve months of age (Health and Human Services 2011). This article will briefly explain lead's history and industrial uses, as well as provide an in-depth analysis of children's lead exposure and how it affects their developing brains. Lead, simply put, is an element found in the Earth's crust. It is slightly soluble in water and is transported mainly through the atmosphere (Harte et al. 1991). Human use of lead dates back five thousand years, when it was discovered that small amounts of silver could be extracted from lead ore (Harte et al. 1991). The ancient civilizations of Phoenicia, Egypt, Greece, India, and China used lead for vessels, roofs, water pipes, tools, ornaments, and weights (Harte et al. 1991). The Romans used lead acetate as an artificial sweetener in their drinks. Lead acetate, known as lead sugar, would sweeten a vintage without causing further fermentation, which would occur with the addition of sweeteners such as honey (Le Courteur and Burreson 2003). The Romans also used lead pipes to supply water to their homes. The Latin name for lead is Plumbum (like the word plumber), hence the symbol Pb on the periodic table (August 1998). Only wealthy Romans had access to water in their homes via lead pipes. Lead poisoning since... middle of paper ......lead levels are above 45 μg/dL (Ginsberg and Toal 2006). In conclusion, lead is a widespread poison that has been woven throughout human history. To prevent poisoning from this toxic substance, foods should be washed before cooking or eating. Hands, particularly those of young children, should be washed before meals (Harte et al. 1991). Peeling lead-based paint should be removed by a professional; Intact lead paint on buildings should occasionally be maintained by painting using lead-free coatings. Joggers and cyclists should exercise away from traffic and avoid rush hour (Harte et al. 1991). As a nation, we are making great strides to reduce daily contact with lead. On the other hand, countries around the world must learn from history's mistakes in lead use; otherwise, they will simply repeat the past.