incarceration rate at 762 per 100,000 and approximately 2.3 million in penitentiaries (1.5 million) and prisons (800,000) in 2007 (The Sentencing Project). With 1 in 100 adults incarcerated, the United States boasts the world's most astonishing incarceration rate (well above the Russian rate of 635 per 100,000) and accounts for about 25% of the world's prisoners. population. At the moment, this model does not suggest any trend reversal. Similarly, approximately 800,000 inmates are currently released from penitentiaries and correctional facilities in batches across the United States each year, most of whom will be readmitted within three years. The extraordinary development of imprisonment in the United States and its degree of contrast with the past have produced some particular circumstances and conditions not yet observed or foreseen. These include but are not limited to prison facilitation, coercive portability and its assets, issues related to prisoner reentry, a large group of "invisible disciplines" and their outcomes, and the effect of mass incarceration on minority groups, particularly Africans.