Topic > Critique of Kantian Moral Theory by Bernard Williams

Any rational human being will act only in accordance with reflexivity, which is binding on all human beings who identify as human beings. Therefore, there is a collective identity that defines the fundamental boundaries for the types of decisions we make, which includes the other types of identities we accept. For example, since it would be inimical to our dedication to humanity to torment young children, then it would be immoral to torment children. Since I must force myself to be a human being before I force myself into any other identity, I cannot simply do whatever that identity requires of me. This is because my identity as a human being, that is, as a reflective agent, obliges me to value all human beings above all other contemplations, and this means abstaining from a monstrous act such as tormenting small children.