Oxygen sensor [7]This device was developed by Robert Bosch GmbH in the 1960s and is also called a Lambda sensor. The purpose of the sensor is to determine the amount of oxygen in the surrounding environment. It plays a very important role in motor vehicles in determining the amount of oxygen present in exhaust gases. Knowing this, we can improve electronic fuel injection and emissions control. They need to observe in real time whether the combustion engine's air/fuel ratio is rich or lean. Because the sensor is present in the exhaust system, they do not directly determine the optimality of the air/fuel ratio, but when the sensor information is coupled with information from other sources, it can be used to improve the overall efficiency of the system. the vehicle. A closed-loop feedback-controlled fuel injection varies the fuel injector output based on real-time sensor data rather than operating with a predetermined (open-loop) fuel map. In addition to improving e-fuel efficiency, this method can dramatically improve emissions control by improving levels of unburned HC and nitrogen oxides. The sensor does not calculate the oxygen concentration, but rather the difference between the oxygen concentration in the exhaust system and the oxygen concentration in the air. Rich combustion causes a demand for oxygen which results in a build-up of voltage due to the movement of ions in the sensor layers. A lean burn causes low voltage as there is excess oxygen. New vehicles can use this data to improve emissions control and improve vehicle efficiency. The vehicle's engine control unit (ECU) can adjust the concentration of fuel injected into the engine to improve the type of combustion. The ECU can be used for never...... middle of paper ......402.2005.02041.x[10]: M Rajasekhar Reddy & K. Madhava Reddy, Design and Optimization Of Exhaust Muffler In Automobiles, International Journal of Automobile Engineering, Research and Development, ISSN 2277-4785, Vol.2, Issue 2 September 2012 11-21[11]: Selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide by hydrocarbons Michael D. Amiridisa, Tiejun Zhanga, Robert J. Farrautob, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, volume 10, issues 1–3, 14 September 1996, pages 203–227[12]: Ceramic Diesel Particulate Filters, Joerg Adler, DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7402.2005.02044.x, International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, Volume 2, Issue 6, Pages 429–439, November 2005[13]: Optimal Vibration and Noise Analysis of Automotive Muffler, Sujit Kumar Jha, Ajay Sharma, International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering , ISSN: 2229-8649 (Print); Volume 7, p. 864-881, January-June 2013