John Locke was an English philosopher who was one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers. Locke begins by questioning Descartes' philosophy of Cogito Ergo Sum. Locke held empiricist beliefs, which downplay the concept of innate ideas and promote the role of sensory perception and experiences in humans. Locke took inspiration from Ockham's Razor to explain knowledge by stating that everyone begins with a tabula rasa which means a clean slate. The tabula rasa argument states that thoughts are formed on experience. Simple ideas, such as colors and shapes, are collected passively, meaning they cannot be broken down further. While more complex ideas, such as the relationship between cause and effect and individual identities, are actively constructed, meaning they are a combination of simple ideas. The distinction between primary and secondary qualities. Locke argues for the crucial difference between two types of simple ideas we receive from sensation. Some of the ideas we receive resemble their causes in the world, while others do not. Ideas that resemble their causes are ideas...