The article also discusses the origins of Islam and the beliefs of Islam. The theme of the second volume is the “relationship between the expansion and fragmentation of Islam into local and autonomous dynasties” (Turner 192). According to the author, “The background of Islam was the emergence in the axial age of a new conception of religion, not as a tribal commitment” (Turner 192). The main problem of religion was the fact that other Muslim communities were challenged by different religions and refusal to accept the teachings of Islam. The author also discusses the rise of Sufism. The author refers to Sufism as religious cement (Turner 193). Turner states that the author of The Venture of Islam would like to see Islamic influences in technological advances because of the moral roots of