IndexIntroductionTypes of Electoral SystemsAdditional FeaturesIntroductionAn electoral system is the set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined. Electoral political systems are organized by governments, while non-political elections can take place in companies, non-profit organizations and informal organizations. Electoral systems are made up of a set of rules that govern all aspects of the voting procedure: when elections are held, who can vote, who can run for office, how votes are cast and how votes are counted, electoral method, limits of electoral spending and other factors that can influence the outcome. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an Original Essay Political election systems are defined by constitutions and election laws, are usually conducted by election commissions, and may use multiple types of elections for different offices. Some electoral systems elect a single winner to a single position, such as prime minister, president, or governor, while others elect multiple winners, such as members of parliament or boards of directors. There are many variations in electoral systems, but the most common systems are first-round, two-round system, proportional representation, and privileged or ranked rank. Some electoral systems, such as mixed systems, seek to combine the benefits of non-proportional and proportional systems. The study of formally defined electoral methods is called social choice theory or voting theory, and this study can take place in the fields of politics, economics, or mathematics, and in particular in the subfields of game theory and mechanism design. Impossibility tests such as Arrow's impossibility theorem show that it is impossible to design a "perfect" voting method, so academic comparisons of proposed methods generally involve mathematical voting criteria. Types of electoral systems Plurality system Multiple voting is a system in which the candidate with wins the greatest number of votes, without having to obtain a majority of votes. In cases where there is only one post to complete, it is called first-past-the-post; This is the second most common electoral system for national legislatures, with 58 countries using it to elect their parliaments, most of which are current or former colonies or territories of British or American origin. It is also the second most used system for presidential elections and is used in 19 countries. In cases where there are multiple offices to be elected, most commonly in cases of electorates with more than one member, plurality voting is called block voting or plurality in general. This takes two main forms; in one form, voters have as many votes as there are seats and can vote for any candidate, regardless of party; this is used in eight countries. There are variations on this system, such as restricted voting, where voters are given fewer votes than seats to choose from, and single non-transferable vote, where voters can only vote for one candidate in a constituency with more than a vote. member, with the candidates receiving the highest number of votes declared the winners. This system is used in Afghanistan, Kuwait, Pitcairn Islands and Vanuatu. In the other main form of voting bloc, also known as party bloc, voters can only vote for multiple candidates from a single party. It is used in five countries as part of mixed systems. The Dowdall system, a variation of multi-member constituencies on the Borda account, is used on Naurufor parliamentary elections and voters rank candidates based on the number of seats in their constituency. First preference votes are counted as whole numbers; the second preference of votes divided by two, the third preference by three; this continues in the lowest possible rankings. The amounts obtained by each candidate are added to determine the winner. Majority system Majority voting is a system in which candidates must receive a majority of the votes to be elected, although in some cases it is only a plurality is necessary in the last round of scrutiny if no candidate can achieve a majority. There are two main forms of majoritarian systems, one that uses a single round of voting and the other that uses two or more rounds. Both are used primarily for single-member groups. Majority voting can be done in a single round using instant exit voting. If not all voters use all of their preferred votes, counting can continue until there are two candidates, at which time the winner has obtained the most votes. Modified form of IRV is contingent voting in which voters do not rank all candidates, but have a limited number of preference votes. If no candidate obtains a majority in the first round, all candidates are excluded except the top two, with the greatest number of votes remaining for the excluded candidates and then added to the totals to determine the winner. This system is used in presidential elections in Sri Lanka and voters can express three preferences. The other main form of the majoritarian system is the two-round system, which is the most common system used for presidential elections worldwide, which is used in 88 countries. It is also used in 20 countries to elect parliament. [1] If no candidate receives a majority of votes in the first round of voting, a second round is held to determine the winner. In most cases, the second round is limited to the top two candidates from the first round, although in some elections more than two candidates may choose to participate in the second round; in these cases, the second round is decided by plural voting. Some countries use a modified two-round system, such as Ecuador, where a presidential candidate is declared the winner if he receives 40% of the vote and is 10% more than the plural vote. its closest rival, namely Argentina, where the system is known as balloting. A full vote is not limited to two rounds, but sees the last candidate eliminated in the round of voting. Due to the potentially large number of rounds, this system is not used in any major popular elections, but is used to elect parliamentary presidents in several countries and members of the Swiss Federal Council. In some formats, there can be several rounds without eliminating any candidate until the candidate wins a majority, a system used in the United States electoral college. Proportional system Proportional representation is the most widely used electoral system for national legislatures, with the parliaments of over eighty countries elected by various forms of the system. Party-list proportional representation is the most widespread electoral system and is used by 80 countries and involves voters voting for a list of candidates proposed by a party. In closed list systems voters have no influence on the candidates presented by the party, but in open list systems voters can vote in favor of the party list and influence the order in which they will be assigned. places for candidates. In some countries, notably Israel and the Netherlands, elections are conductedusing "pure" proportional representation, with votes counted nationally before allocating seats to parties. However, in most cases several multi-member constituencies are used instead of a single national constituency, which provides an element of geographical representation. However, this could result in a distribution of seats that does not reflect national vote totals. As a result, some countries have classification seats to allocate to parties whose total seats are lower than their percentage of the national vote. In addition to the electoral threshold, the minimum percentage of votes that a party must obtain to obtain seats, there are various methods for calculating the proportional distribution of seats, generally divided into two main types; higher average and larger remainder. Higher average systems involve dividing the votes received by each party by a series of divisors, producing figures that determine the distribution of seats; Examples include the D'Hondt method or the Webster/Sainte-Laguë method. In the remaining larger systems, the party's vote shares are divided by the quota (obtained by dividing the number of votes by the number of available seats). This usually leaves some seats unallocated, which are allocated to parties based on the largest fractions of remaining seats. Examples of the remaining major systems are the Hare quota, the Droop quota, the Imperial quota, and the Hagenbach-Bischoff tax. The single transferable vote (STV) is another form of proportional representation, but is obtained by voters ranking candidates in an electoral constituency. of more preferred members rather than voting for a party list; it is used in Malta and the Republic of Ireland. Mixed systems Mixed systems are used in several countries to elect parliament. These include parallel voting and mixed member proportional representation. In parallel voting systems, used in 20 countries, there are two methods by which members of a legislature are elected; a part of the members is elected by majority or in single majority constituencies and the other part by proportional representation. The results of the electoral vote have no effect on the result of the proportional vote. A parallel form of voting, Scorporo, was used in Italy from 1993 to 2006. Mixed proportional representation in use in eight countries, also considering membership of the constituency, constituency and proportional methods, but the results of proportional voting are adequate to balance the seats won in the electoral constituency to ensure that the parties have a number of seats proportional to their shared vote. This can lead to seat overlap, where parties gain more seats in the electoral system that qualify based on their vote share. Variations of this include the Additional Member system and Alternative Vote Plus, in which voters rank candidates and each other's electoral districts of several elected members on a proportional list of parties. Additional Feature Some electoral systems have a majority bonus system to ensure that a party or coalition gains a majority in the legislature or give the party receiving the majority of votes a clear advantage in terms of the number of seats. In Greece, the party that wins the majority of votes is awarded 50 additional seats, while in Italy the party or coalition with the most votes is guaranteed a minimum of 340 seats in the 630-seat Chamber of Deputies. San Marino has a modified two-round system, which involves a second round of voting with the two main parties or coalitions if a majority is not obtained in the first round. Al 2016.