Second article The topic that will be presented in this essay is The Problem of Other Minds, created by Bertrand Russell. The question we are trying to answer is: how can we justify the fact that other people have minds? The solution provided is as follows; since I'm thinking and they're responding, they must be thinking too. This philosophy addresses different parts of the mind. Other emotions, excluding thinking, are sufficient, but may not be entirely necessary. This means that if it is not present it still does not affect the solution. He addressed self-awareness, consciousness that is relatable to each other, and emotions. If a person has all these characteristics, then he must have a mind. One way to test self-awareness and consciousness is with something called the "mirror test." Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an Original Essay This test involves placing the subject you are testing in front of a mirror and placing a dot on their head or body. The way to overcome this test is to be able to realize that in the mirror it is yourself and not someone else or something else. When someone passes this test, they provide evidence of being self-aware and conscious. Some animals have passed this test, including dolphins, killer whales, elephants, great apes, and some types of birds. This raises many questions about the true meaning of having a mind. One of the main ways to get around this “other minds problem” is to believe in solipsism. This belief is that one's mind is the only thing that exists, as everything that exists is a reality created by that single mind. If you stop thinking about something it will no longer exist. This is not widely accepted. Another way to get around this would be called the Turing Test. This is a way to see if a computer can answer questions that only humans with minds should be able to answer. If a computer is created that can compete with a human, does that mean the computer has a mind? Pigs are known to pass this test. The other problems that the “Other Minds Problem” presents are verificationism, which is described as the theory of meaning. This would happen if someone could understand a sentence and know how to verify or falsify it. This is a more widely accepted solution to skeptics' problems because it contains the answers they need. One is the problem of mind and body, this problem is where the mind is changed directly by the brain. In the problem of other minds, an argument has arisen, which is called the "argument from analogy." This argument concludes that because other people talk they must have thoughts, corresponding therefore to what their own thoughts are like. In short, Russell means “A causes B”. If this is true, A must correspond to a person's mental state and B is the person's behavior or a physical event. An example of this is if someone was thirsty, they would go and get a drink. The mental state is that they are thirsty, which causes their physical state to do something against this thirst, such as taking a drink. Overall, Russell's argument is abductive. Therefore, if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. This means that if someone thinks something, then does a physical action that will eliminate or help the mental situation they have, they must have a mind. Even if this argument is abductive, that doesn't mean other people won't agree with it. Numerous hypotheses have been formulated to circumvent these complications. Please note: this is just an example. Get,.