2.3. TYPES OF WORKPLACE VIOLENCE Bowie (as cited in Davis and Snyman, 2005) notes that the typology of workplace violence generally accepted in current legal, occupational health and safety, criminology and security environments is one that it is based on the relationship between the offender and the workplace. The Californian Occupational Safety and Health Administration (Cal/OSHA) has developed a workplace typology. In this typology, workplace violence events are classified into five types, namely Type I which is outsider violence, Type II is client/customer violence and Type III is organizational violence , which is violence committed within organizations. Type IV and Type include types of workplace violence and employer violence, which includes physical and nonphysical violence committed by an employer on an employee (Cal/OSHA, 1995). In addition to the typology mentioned above, there is another widely recognized and fundamental typology used for several studies on workplace aggression which is the one proposed by Buss (as cited in Neuman & Baron, 2005) which classifies workplace aggression I work using three dichotomies, namely physical-verbal, active-passive and direct-indirect. Physical aggression involves physical actions (e.g., pushing, assaulting) by the offender while verbal aggression (e.g., yelling, gossiping) inflicts harm through words, rather than deeds. Active aggression involves the offender doing something that may harm the victim, either directly, such as with obscene gestures or racist comments, or indirectly, such as by stealing or spreading rumors. Passive-aggressive behavior is a pattern of indirectly expressing negative feelings instead of openly addressing them. There is a discrepancy between what a p...... means of paper ......consequent on the duties of employees as outlined in the law amended by the OHSA, no. 181 of 1993. The law states that the "employee must take reasonable care of the health and safety of himself and others; cooperate with the employer in order to fulfill any duty or requirement imposed by the OHSA; carry out the orders required by the law and comply with health and safety regulations and procedures established by the employer or anyone authorized by the employer to do so, in the interests of health or safety; report any dangerous or unhealthy situation to the employer as soon as possible to the workplace or health and safety representatives; and if the employee is involved in any accident which may affect his health or which has caused him injury, report such accident to the employer or to anyone authorized by the employer as soon as possible. as soon as possible’.