1. Managing Change and Innovation Introduction Paton and McCalman (2008) define change management as a structured approach that enables organizations to move individuals, teams, and organizations from a current state to a desired future state. According to Robbins & Coulter (2005), organizational change refers to any alteration of people, technology, or structures within an organization. Change Management Discussion There are internal and external forces that drive the need for change in organizations. Robbins & Coulter (2005) identify the following external forces to change; market conditions, technological advances, economic conditions and government laws and regulations. Internal forces for change include employee attitudes and behaviors, as well as compensation and benefit requirements, organizational strategy, and new equipment. Robbins & Coulter (2005) identify two points of view on the process of change in organizations. These are; metaphors of "calm waters" and "white water rapids". The white water metaphor works on the premise that operational environments are characterized by uncertainties and dynamisms. The “calm waters” metaphor, on the other hand, is based on the belief that the operating environment is stable and predictable and uses Lewin's three-stage model: thawing the status quo, moving to a new state, and finally refreezing to the new state in order to manage the change process. According to Hiatt & Creasey (2003), people resist change due to a number of factors such as uncertainty, fear of losing personal status, money, authority, friendships, and the belief that change is not in the best interests of the person. organization. Changing people refers to changes in attitudes, ex...... middle of paper ......ld Business, 69(4), pp. 9-18.Robbins, S.P., & Coulter, M. (2005). Management, 8th edition, Prentice Hall Inc.Ruskin, J. (n. d). Importance of human resource management. Human resources excellence. [online] available at http://www.humanresourceexcellence.com/importance-of-human resources-management/ accessed May 22, 2014.Serandos, G., (2014). Consolidation will be a lifeline for SA telcos. Business day live. [online]. Available on accessed May 22, 2014.Sims, R.R., (2007 ). Human resource management: contemporary problems, challenges and opportunities. Information Age Publishing.Voyles, B. (2014). The era of micro-multinationals. CKGSB knowledge. [Online]. Available at http://www.knowledge.ckgsb.edu.cn/tag/micro-multinational/ Accessed May 22, 2014