One of the first activist movements was the Animal Rights Movement in 1980. This led to a drastic decrease in the number of animals used for testing. They claimed that tens of millions of animals are used for some sort of animal testing over the course of a year. In fact, during the research it was concluded that the animals suffer physically or mentally as a result of the experiments for which they are used. Furthermore, many scientists argue that animals are necessary for human health and the creation of products, as well as helping to find new things in the world of medicine. Two other prominent activist groups include the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty of Animals (ASPCA) and the Humane Society of America. Both of these welfare groups have existed for more than 100 years. PETA soon took the lead. PETA is People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. They have organized public demonstrations, boycotts and even numerous campaigns to free animal research. These PETA-led efforts have helped reduce cosmetic testing. The various movements that occurred in this period also led to a decline in fur sales (Leepson). In 1981 CAAT was created. This stands for Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing. This was a grant from the Cosmetics, Toiletries and Perfumes Association. It was thought that this center would help develop and apply in vitro and other non-animal testing methods. CAAT has been funded with approximately 300 different grants totaling $6 million to assist in the knowledge and creation of in vitro and safety research on various products. Additionally, they have helped advance the creation and development of the three R's and alternatives in biomedical research, safety and product testing. CAAT is also known for conducting workshops on reduction, refinement and substitution, as well as for government and animal welfare organizations.