Primary and secondary consolidationThe failure of saturated soils subjected to greater load consists of two successive phases, commonly called primary and secondary consolidation phases. The primary consolidation phase is dominated by the dissipation of pore pressure and the increase in effective stresses; while the secondary consolidation phase is dominated by creep (viscous deformation) at almost constant effective tension. The consolidation agreement consists of two parts. In conventional soil mechanics, Terzaghi's one-dimensional consolidation theory is widely used despite some limitations. To know the compressibility behavior of the soil, we can create a plot of void ratio versus log time using one-dimensional consolidation tests as shown in Figure 1. Types of Consolidation Tests: Conventional Incremental Load Test (Oedometer Test) Constant Rate Deformation Test (CRS) The settlement calculation can be done as follows:Total settlement (S)=C_c/((1+e_0)) log⁡〖(P_v0 ^'+∆P)/(P_v0^' )〗+C_α/((1+e_0)) log⁡〖t/t_p 〗This equation assumes that secondary consolidation settlement occurs after dissipation of excess pore water pressure. One of the most practical questions related to the consolidation is knowing how to define the consolidation curves relevant to in situ conditions. The existence of creep during primary consolidation is evident, but there are conflicting opinions on the role of creep in the primary consolidation phase. Many researchers have pointed out that there are two extreme possibilities. Hypothesis A assumes that creep occurs only after the end of primary consolidation and consequently that the stress-strain curve followed in situ is the same one obtained in the laboratory at the end of primary consolidation... middle of paper... .. .land reclamation. Finally, the consolidation process is not the only one that controls the rate of settlement in the clay. Even when the excess pore pressure has completely dissipated, settlement continues, a phenomenon called creep or secondary compression. Toward the end of primary consolidation, the contribution of secondary compression becomes more pronounced and can produce significant increases in settlement long after the end of primary consolidation. It is important to remember that the consolidation process is not the only process that controls the rate of primary consolidation. clay settlements. Even when the excess pore pressure has completely dissipated, several physical phenomena cause continued failure. While this secondary compression is present from the beginning of the consolidation process, towards the end of the primary consolidation its contribution