A study looking at the characteristics of Chicago neighborhoods found that residential stability is likely to increase the likelihood of poor health among residents while living in low-wealth neighborhoods ( Browning et al., 2003). In another study of homeowners with a range of physical and mental health problems, a significant number indicated that as their illness or disability progressed, the additional stress of home repairs and maintenance, as well as maintaining mortgage payments, outweighed the benefits of ownership, and in some cases resulted in unsafe housing situations and worsening health (Smith et al. 2003; Taylor et al. 2006; Ford et al. 2001); However, research has not found much difference between homeowners and renters with similar lengths of stay in homes (Rohe et al., 1994). In addition to increased self-esteem, homeowners who live in better housing are more likely to have less stress and greater satisfaction (Cairney, 2004). On the other hand, homeowners living in poorer areas may be prone to greater psychological distress (Lubell et al., 2007). Owning a home in unaffordable conditions such as foreclosures could also result in negative mental effects such as hypertension, anxiety, or depression (Pollack et al., 2009). Overall, with the sense of security and stability, homeowners would feel a greater sense of control over their lives. One study suggested that homeowners would have a greater sense of self-efficacy than renters, which would allow homeowners to have more controls over their lives and homes (Rohe et al. (2002). Furthermore, the owner of the house, considered the social symbol and identity in society, has been found to improve the individual's sense of control thanks to the sense of achievement of fu...... middle of paper ......n Program of low-income Baltimore homeownership while controlling for possible selection bias (Rohe, et al ., 1994; Rohe et al ., 1997 It appeared that existing studies rarely assessed differences in impact among homeowners at the level of In fact, many of the existing studies use homeownership in general to represent overall socioeconomic status without further examining the impacts of individual factors such as household income, wealth, or education, which are expected to have a possible significant independent effect on income. health (Herbert et al., 2008). Finally, studies should ideally include controls for housing quality and wealth to attempt to isolate whether an association between homeownership and positive psychological and physical health might result from improvements in these areas. However, few studies include controls for these factors (Herbert et al., 2008).